Effect of Implant Drill Speed on Bone during Implant Site Preparation (Experimental Study)

Background: One of the challenges that can lead to effective dental implant osseointegration is reducing surgical damage to bone tissue. The success of implant osseointegration is clearly impacted by the heat produced throughout the implant osteotomy site preparation as temperatures in the tissue of bone above 47^OC can lead to osseous necrosis. Bone necrosis of the implant bed should be prevented because of too much heat to maintain a stable osseointegration process.
Aim of the study: The objective of this experiment is to validate the impact of implant drill speed on the bone from the point of view of heat generation; a second objective is to evaluate the immediate histological viability of the bone after surgical osteotomy of bone tissue in rabbits.
Methodology:On twenty healthy adult female rabbits, this experimental trail was performed. Animals were selected for 3 bony osteotomies in the 3 mm, 3.5 mm and 4 mm diameters of the femur were made in each rabbit. Drill  speed  of 1000 rpm for the 3 diameters. The initial bone temperature was documented as T1 and after the last drill was recorded as T2 the highest temperature rises. After the operation the rabbits were euthanized and the bony samples were taken together for histological determination.
Results: Histological analysis demonstrates signs of bone necrosis in the form of empty lacunae near the surface of cutting, the viability of bone seems to increase with increased diameter of the drill. Furthermore, heat analysis revealed less heat produced with greater diameters compared to smaller diameters.
Conclusion:It was found in the present study that using higher speed in dense bone with presence of irrigation produces less heat and maintains more bone vitality.